Crop Production

Efficiency of different methods of soil tillage

Purpose. To study the effect of different technologies of soil tillage on agronomical and physical properties of soil and productivity of sunflower. Methods. Field, laboratory, statistical, analytical. Results. The field experiment was conducted in 2014/2015. The object of research was topsoil. Seeds of sunflower hybrid Yason were sown at the rate of 55,000 plants/ha. In the studied treatments of soil different agronomical and physical properties of soil were created. The most close to optimal soil properties were obtained after ploughing, which created the best conditions for plant development. Thus, at the ploughing to a depth of 20–22 cm the yield of sunflower seeds was 2.56 t/ha, while subsurface ploughing to a depth of 14–16 cm and disking to a depth of 8–10 cm resulted in yield of 2.43 t/ha and 2.29 t/ha, respectively, and no-till resulted in 1,90 t/ha. It was found that basic treatment of soil influences water consumption by plants. The research results showed that the costs of one ton of sunflower seeds had increased in the treatment with subsurface ploughing by 1.5 % and with shallow tillage by 2.6 %. The most expensive was no-till treatment (3681 UAH/t). It was by 34.4 % higher than treatment with ploughing. Conclusions. The results showed that growing sunflower is highly profitable given any main soil tillage. The best indexes of yield, profit and return were obtained in the treatment with ploughing.
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Dynamic pattern of chlorophyll content in the leaves of sugar beet

Purpose. To determine the patterns of change in the content of the green pigment in plant chloroplasts of sugar beet and their relationship, to identify the features of pigment complex during the growing season. Methods. Field, laboratory, analytical, and statistical. Results. The peculiarities of changes in chlorophyll content in the leaves of sugar beets during the growing season are presented. It was found that the most intense green pigments synthesis occurs in the stage of closing leaves when their content reaches the maximum value: chlorophyll а of 8.620 mg/g and chlorophyll b of 4.15 mg/g. Using the ratio of chlorophyll a and b in their total weight the accumulation of a pigment depending on the stage of plant development is determined. Thus, in the first half of the growing season (the 8-true leaves stage and the stage of leaf closure between rows) the synthesis of chlorophyll b dominates, while in the second (the stage of closure leaves in rows and the technical maturity stage) chlorophyll a. Conclusions. It was established that the least intensive synthesis of chlorophyll occurs in the early stages of plant growth and development due to small leaf surface area and low assimilation of the photosynthetically active radiation. Thus, at the beginning of the growing season crops (the 8-true leaves stage and the stage of leaf closure between rows), chlorophyll b dominates in the structure of the green pigment. Reduction of chlorophyll content 1.3 times the end of the growing season (in the stage of technological maturity – 6.3 mg/g) compared with the stage of leaf closure in rows occurs due to the accumulation of sufficient sugar supply in the roots resulting in slowing physiological processes and the dying off old leaves.
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Anomalies of sunflower to use of herbicides Euro-Lightning

Purpose. To determine the laws of manifestation of abnormal changes in growth and development of sunflower plants as affected by herbicide Euro-Lightning applied at various rates. Methods. Field, laboratory, analytical, and statistical. Results. On the basis of these studies it can be stated that application of different doses of Euro-Lightning affects the shape of sunflower calathium, but further germination of seeds of plants from the calathium allowed to obtain normally developed progeny. Most often, we face different kinds of calathium deformation as resulted from the application of the high rate of the herbicide, namely 14.0 plants with deformation per 1,000 plants, that was by 6.7 more than under the application of recommended by the manufacturer doses. The obtained equations allow high-precision forecast (88–92%) of occurrence of phenotypic changes in sunflower stands as affected by Euro Lightning application. The correlation coefficient between herbicide application rate and the number of plants with deformed calathium has a close positive bonding force (r = 0.92), indicating that increased doses of herbicide results in increasing the number of plants with deformed calathium. Conclusions. The application of high consumption rates of herbicide Euro-Lightning (2.0 l/ha), as well as uneven application, results in the increased number of abnormal changes in populations resistant to the herbicide regardless of sunflower hybrid. The established regression equations between the doses of herbicide and abnormal calathium allow to predict the occurrence of abnormal changes resulted from herbicide Euro-Lightning application in sunflowers stands with 88–92% precision.
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Productivity depending on sugar beet genotypes

Purpose. To theoretically substantiate and develop agrobiological basics of sugar beet hybrids cultivation ensuring effective implementation of their breeding and genetic potential under the conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory and statistical. Results. Analysis of yield of sugar beet hybrids grown in Tetiiv region showed that the value of heterosis during 2007–2010 manifested differently in diploid and triploid hybrids. For example, hybrid ‘Ukrainskyi CMS 70’ had the root yield of 27.9 t/ha, the sugar content of 14.4%, sugar yield of 4.02 t/ha, that was less by 3.7 t/ha, 0.7%, and 0.78 t/ha, respectively, than in triploid hybrid Shevchenkivskyi. According to the research, the most productive hybrid appeared to be Shevchenkivskyi, whose average yield was 4.32 t/ha, sugar content 15.5 %, sugar yield 6.7 t/ha. Hybrids ‘Bilotserkivskyi CMS 57’ and ‘Ukrainskyi CMS 72’ had these figures virtually identical, but smaller as compared to the hybrid ‘Shevchenkivskyi’. ‘Shevchenkivskyi’ was found to have the highest plasticity having responded positively to improving growing conditions and created an increase in yield. Conclusion. On the average for three years, in the area of research farm Shevchenkivske, triploid hybrid 'Shevchenkivskyi showed the highest value of heterosis, namely root yield of 43.2 t/ha, the sugar content of 15.5 %, sugar yield of 6.7 t/ha. The highest root yield was marked in 2006 (56.5–63.1 t/ha) for hydrothermic coefficient HTC = 1.2 during growing season; the highest sugar content in 2008 (15.4–16.0%) for the HTC = 1.1.
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Effect of farming practices on productivity of milk thistle under conditions of western forest-steppes

It is shown the results of research on the effects of row spacing, seeding rate and method of harvesting for field germination, plant survival and yield of milk thistle. We also presented the impact of terms of regulators application (pre-sowing seed treatment and spraying of growing plants in the phase of leaves socket) on stand density and yield of milk thistle.
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Stimulation of sweet sorghum seed

Presented are research results on the efficiency of different ways of stimulating Sweet sorghum seeds using microelements and microfertilizers for pre-sowing treatment. We established that they improve seed germination power both in laboratory and field conditions, promote intensive growth and development of plants during the growing season as well as better preservation of plants and increase in their productivity. The most effective options to stimulate sorghum seeds appeared microfertilizer Avatar and Rost-concentrat that provided the highest crop productivity of 42.5 to 47.3 t of dry matter per 1 ha with dry matter content of 18.2 to 18.8% and sugar content of 12.8 to 13.2%, respectively.
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Estimation of adaptive features of new varieties of peas

The article presents the results of the analysis of varieties of peas (Pisum sativum L.) domestic and foreign selection for protein content, the weight 1000 seed and yield. The regularities of changes in these traits were investigated according to environmental conditions. The varieties with high levels of adaptability and promising for selection and practical use.
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THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT IN CASE THEY ARE GROWN AFTER GREEN MANURED FALLOW IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE

Наведено результати трирічних досліджень вивчення росту і розвитку різних сортів пшениці озимої при вирощуванні їх після сидерального пару в умовах південної частини Правобережного Лісостепу.
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BACKGROUND OF ELEMENTS OF GROWING TECHNOLOGY OF SAFFLOWER IN WESTERN STEPPES

The paper presents the results of studies of the impact of placement of plants per unit area, namely, row spacing and number of plants per linear meter on safflower seed yield. It is also shown the dependence of yield on the method of collection and use of plant growth regulators for seed treatment before sowing and spraying plants in the vegetative phase of leaf rosettes
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PARAMETERS OF SOWING OF WINTER BARLEY BY THE NUMBER OF PLANTS DEPENDING ON THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGY FACTORS

The article shows the dependence of the number of plants of winter barley per unit area of the crop on applied fertilizers and seed standards. A study of experimental data is based on covariance analysis, it is set performance factors, strength and shape communication of effective characteristics and factorial.
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FORMATION OF BIOMETRIC INDICATORS OF PRODUCTIVITY OF BUCKWHEAT PLANTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE

The effect of various minerals on the formation of biometric indicators of productivity of buckwheat plants was studied in the research. Studies were conducted on three different biological and morphological features of buckwheat varieties. With the use of microelements it was shown a tendency of increasing the number of branches, inflorescences and seeds per plant, resulting in increased plant productivity.
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FORMATION OF SPRING BARLEY CROPS BY PARAMETERS OF NUMBER OF PLANTS DEPENDING ON INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS

The article shows the formation of agrophytocenoses of barley depending on the applied fertilizers and foliar feeding conducted with micronutrient «Nutrivant plus». It is demonstrated the effectiveness of the formation of crops by the joint impact of the aforementioned factors to improve the survival of plants based on the analysis of covariance.
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